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The inverse relationship between water temperature and N loads strongly indicated that the higher temperatures have boosted the denitrification capacity of river sediments along the lowland reaches. In parallel, the Po River water is steadily warming (+0.11☌ yr-1, for average annual temperature) and the number of warm days is increasing (+50%, in the spring-summer period). Despite large inter-annual variations, from the early 1990s, the Po River experienced a significant reduction in total N loads (-30%) represented mainly by nitrate, although agricultural N surplus in croplands and other watershed conditions have remained constant. Here, annual, and seasonal (spring and summer) N loads exported from the Po River watershed (Northern Italy), a worldwide hotspot of eutrophication and nitrate pollution, are investigated in relation to water temperature trends over the last three decades (1992–2019).
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Temperature is one of the most fundamental drivers governing microbial nitrogen (N) dynamics in rivers however, the effect of climate change-induced warming on N processing has not been sufficiently addressed. Nitrate uptake in the 70.6 km river reach during low flow conditions is considerable and was observed to amount to a reduction of nitrate-N concentrations of up to 1 mg NO 3 -N/l or 23.4% of the nitrogen load of the upper boundary (Wagenschein and Rode. However, current concentrations are still high with total nitrogen concentrations varying between 4 mg N/l during the summer and 12 mg N/l in winter. Nitrogen inputs from point sources have declined over the past 12 years. (Wagenschein and Rode 2008 Rode and Wenk 2006). The share of sewage plant inputs amount 0.46 m3/s. There are inflows from three small tributaries and four sewage plants with an annual mean input of water of approximately 0.7 m 3 /s. The annual mean flow amounts to 15.4 m 3 /s at the upper discharge gauge station close to Gera and 16.2 m 3 /s at the outlet of the study section. Furthermore, the hydromorphological conditions and transformation processes are strongly influenced by eight weirs. 1, reach A) with very low sinuosity, the width/depth ratio is fixed at a value of 21, the river bottom is concrete and sediments are rarely present.
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A part of the river is completely channelized (Fig. Most parts of the river are strongly influenced by human activities, especially in surface mining and urban areas. However, along the entire length of the studied river section there are only a few unmodified river reaches with natural morphology, for example reach B with a length of 8 km (Fig. The section downstream from Zeitz has a lower channel slope of 0.60 ‰, a higher sinuosity of 1.69 and a lower width/depth ratio between 10 and 20, which coincides to stream types C and E (Rosgen 1996). In backwater areas at weirs, width/depth ratios of more than 100 exist. The river section upstream from Zeitz has a mean channel slope of 0.89 ‰, is straighter with a mean sinuosity of 1.43 and has a high width/ depth ratio between 20 and 40.
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The potential natural morphology of the river is characterized by a low-channel slope and a well defined meandering pattern. The total length of this river section is 70.6 km ( Fig. This study focuses on the middle part of the Weisse Elster River between Gera and Leipzig. Its water quality is characterized by high-nitrogen concentrations, which are mainly caused by diffuse source pollution from agriculture and sewage plant emissions (Rode et al. Land use in the basin is dominated by agricultural activities (43% cropland, 16% pasture), especially in the lower part, and forest (21%), mainly in the upper part of the basin. It originates in the northwestern part of the Czech Republic and discharges into the Saale River close to Halle/Germany. Weisse Elster River is a 4th order stream with a total length of 250 km.